Karate (空手?) (
Japanese pronunciation: [kaɽate] (
listen),
English: /kəˈrɑːtiː/) is a
martial art developed in the
Ryukyu Islands in what is now
Okinawa,
Japan. It was developed from indigenous fighting methods called
te (手?, literally "hand"; Tii in Okinawan) and
Chinese kenpoo Karate is a striking art using punching,
kicking, knee and
elbow strikes, and open-handed techniques such as knife-hands.
Grappling, locks, restraints, throws, and
vital point strikes are taught in some styles.
[3] A karate practitioner is called a
karateka (空手家?).
Karate was developed in the
Ryukyu Kingdom prior to its 19th-century annexation by Japan. It was brought to the Japanese mainland in the early 20th century during a time of cultural exchanges between the Japanese and the Ryukyuans. In 1922 the
Japanese Ministry of Education invited
Gichin Funakoshi to
Tokyo to give a karate demonstration. In 1924
Keio University established the first university karate club in Japan and by 1932, major Japanese universities had karate clubs.
In this era of escalating
Japanese militarism,
the name was changed from
唐手 ("Chinese hand" or "Tang hand" verbatim, as the name of the
Tang dynasty was a synonym to China in Okinawa) to
空手 ("empty hand") – both of which are pronounced
karate – to indicate that the Japanese wished to develop the combat form in Japanese style.
After the
Second World War,
Okinawa became an important
United States military site and karate became popular among servicemen stationed there.
The martial arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to greatly increase its popularity and the word karate began to be used in a generic way to refer to all striking-based
Oriental martial arts.
Karate schools began appearing across the world, catering to those with casual interest as well as those seeking a deeper study of the art.
Shigeru Egami, Chief Instructor of Shotokan Dojo, opined "that the majority of followers of karate in overseas countries pursue karate only for its fighting techniques ... Movies and television ... depict karate as a mysterious way of fighting capable of causing death or injury with a single blow ... the mass media present a pseudo art far from the real thing.
" Shoshin Nagamine said "Karate may be considered as the conflict within oneself or as a life-long marathon which can be won only through self-discipline, hard training and one's own creative efforts."
For many practitioners, karate is a deeply philosophical practice. Karate-do teaches ethical principles and can have spiritual significance to its adherents. Gichin Funakoshi ("Father of Modern Karate") titled his autobiography
Karate-Do: My Way of Life in recognition of the transforming nature of karate study. Today karate is practiced for self-perfection, for cultural reasons, for self-defense and as a sport. In 2005, in the 117th IOC (
International Olympic Committee) voting, karate did not receive the necessary two thirds majority vote to become an
Olympic sport.
Web Japan (sponsored by the
Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs) claims there are 50 million karate practitioners worldwide.
Okinawa
Karate began as a common fighting system known as
te (Okinawan: ti) among the
Pechin class of the
Ryukyuans. After trade relationships were established with the
Ming dynasty of China by King
Satto of
Chūzan in 1372, some forms of
Chinese martial arts were introduced to the
Ryukyu Islands by the visitors from China, particularly
Fujian Province. A large group of Chinese families moved to Okinawa around 1392 for the purpose of cultural exchange, where they established the community of
Kumemura and shared their knowledge of a wide variety of Chinese arts and sciences, including the Chinese martial arts. The political centralization of Okinawa by King
Shō Hashi in 1429 and the 'Policy of Banning Weapons,' enforced in Okinawa after the
invasion of the
Shimazu clan in 1609, are also factors that furthered the development of unarmed combat techniques in Okinawa.
[2]
There were few formal styles of
te, but rather many practitioners with their own methods. One surviving example is the
Motobu-ryū school passed down from the Motobu family by Seikichi Uehara.
[13] Early styles of karate are often generalized as
Shuri-te,
Naha-te, and
Tomari-te, named after the three cities from which they emerged.
[14] Each area and its teachers had particular kata, techniques, and principles that distinguished their local version of
te from the others.
Members of the Okinawan upper classes were sent to China regularly to study various political and practical disciplines. The incorporation of empty-handed
Chinese Kung Fu into Okinawan martial arts occurred partly because of these exchanges and partly because of growing legal restrictions on the use of weaponry. Traditional karate
kata bear a strong resemblance to the forms found in Fujian martial arts such as
Fujian White Crane,
Five Ancestors, and Gangrou-quan (
Hard Soft Fist; pronounced "Gōjūken" in Japanese).
[15] Further influence came from
Southeast Asia—particularly
Sumatra,
Java, and
Melaka[citation needed]. Many Okinawan weapons such as the
sai,
tonfa, and
nunchaku may have originated in and around
Southeast Asia.
Sakukawa Kanga (1782–1838) had studied
pugilism and
staff (
bo) fighting in China (according to one legend, under the guidance of Kosokun, originator of
kusanku kata). In 1806 he started teaching a fighting art in the city of
Shuri that he called "Tudi Sakukawa," which meant "Sakukawa of China Hand." This was the first known recorded reference to the art of "Tudi," written as 唐手. Around the 1820s Sakukawa's most significant student
Matsumura Sōkon (1809–1899) taught a synthesis of
te (Shuri-te and Tomari-te) and
Shaolin (Chinese 少林) styles. Matsumura's style would later become the
Shōrin-ryū style.
Ankō Itosu
Grandfather of Modern Karate
Matsumura taught his art to
Itosu Ankō (1831–1915) among others. Itosu adapted two forms he had learned from Matsumara. These are
kusanku and
chiang nan[citation needed]. He created the
ping'an forms ("
heian" or "
pinan" in Japanese) which are simplified kata for beginning students. In 1901 Itosu helped to get karate introduced into Okinawa's public schools. These forms were taught to children at the elementary school level. Itosu's influence in karate is broad. The forms he created are common across nearly all styles of karate. His students became some of the most well known karate masters, including
Gichin Funakoshi,
Kenwa Mabuni, and
Motobu Chōki. Itosu is sometimes referred to as "the Grandfather of Modern Karate."
[16]
In 1881
Higaonna Kanryō returned from China after years of instruction with
Ryu Ryu Ko and founded what would become
Naha-te. One of his students was the founder of
Gojū-ryū,
Chōjun Miyagi. Chōjun Miyagi taught such well-known karateka as
Seko Higa (who also trained with Higaonna),
Meitoku Yagi,
Miyazato Ei'ichi, and
Seikichi Toguchi, and for a very brief time near the end of his life, An'ichi Miyagi (a teacher claimed by
Morio Higaonna).
In addition to the three early
te styles of karate a fourth Okinawan influence is that of
Kanbun Uechi (1877–1948). At the age of 20 he went to
Fuzhou in Fujian Province, China, to escape Japanese military conscription. While there he studied under Shushiwa. He was a leading figure of
Chinese Nanpa Shorin-ken at that time.
[17] He later developed his own style of
Uechi-ryū karate based on the
Sanchin,
Seisan, and
Sanseiryu kata that he had studied in China
Gichin Funakoshi, founder of
Shotokan karate, is generally credited with having introduced and popularized karate on the main islands of Japan. In addition many Okinawans were actively teaching, and are thus also responsible for the development of karate on the main islands. Funakoshi was a student of both
Asato Ankō and
Itosu Ankō (who had worked to introduce karate to the Okinawa Prefectural School System in 1902). During this time period, prominent teachers who also influenced the spread of karate in Japan included
Kenwa Mabuni,
Chōjun Miyagi,
Motobu Chōki,
Kanken Tōyama, and
Kanbun Uechi. This was a turbulent period in the history of the region. It includes Japan's annexation of the Okinawan island group in 1872, the
First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), the
Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), the
annexation of Korea, and the rise of
Japanese militarism (1905–1945).
Japan was
invading China at the time, and Funakoshi knew that the art of
Tang/China hand would not be accepted; thus the change of the art's name to "way of the empty hand." The
dō suffix implies that
karatedō is a path to self knowledge, not just a study of the technical aspects of fighting. Like most martial arts practiced in Japan, karate made its transition from -
jutsu to -
dō around the beginning of the 20th century. The "
dō" in "karate-dō" sets it apart from karate-
jutsu, as
aikido is distinguished from
aikijutsu,
judo from
jujutsu,
kendo from
kenjutsu and
iaido from
iaijutsu.
Gichin Funakoshi
Founder of Shotokan Karate
Funakoshi changed the names of many kata and the name of the art itself (at least on mainland Japan), doing so to get karate accepted by the Japanese
budō organization
Dai Nippon Butoku Kai. Funakoshi also gave Japanese names to many of the kata. The five
pinan forms became known as
heian, the three
naihanchi forms became known as
tekki,
seisan as
hangetsu,
Chintō as
gankaku,
wanshu as
empi, and so on. These were mostly political changes, rather than changes to the content of the forms, although Funakoshi did introduce some such changes. Funakoshi had trained in two of the popular branches of Okinawan karate of the time, Shorin-ryū and Shōrei-ryū. In Japan he was influenced by kendo, incorporating some ideas about distancing and timing into his style. He always referred to what he taught as simply karate, but in 1936 he built a dojo in Tokyo and the style he left behind is usually called
Shotokan after this dojo.
The modernization and systemization of karate in Japan also included the adoption of the white uniform that consisted of the
kimono and the
dogi or
keikogi—mostly called just
karategi—and colored belt ranks. Both of these innovations were originated and popularized by
Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo and one of the men Funakoshi consulted in his efforts to modernize karate.
In 1922,
Hironori Ohtsuka attended the Tokyo Sports Festival, where he saw Funakoshi's karate. Ohtsuka was so impressed with this that he visited Funakoshi many times during his stay. Funakoshi was, in turn, impressed by Ohtsuka's enthusiasm and determination to understand karate, and agreed to teach him. In the following years, Ohtsuka set up a medical practice dealing with martial arts injuries. His prowess in martial arts led him to become the Chief Instructor of
Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu at the age of 30, and an assistant instructor in Funakoshi's dojo.
By 1929, Ohtsuka was registered as a member of the Japan Martial Arts Federation. Okinawan karate at this time was only concerned with kata. Ohtsuka thought that the full spirit of
budō, which concentrates on defence and attack, was missing, and that kata techniques did not work in realistic fighting situations. He experimented with other, more combative styles such as judo, kendo, and aikido. He blended the practical and useful elements of Okinawan karate with traditional Japanese martial arts techniques from jujitsu and kendo, which led to the birth of
kumite, or free fighting, in karate. Ohtsuka thought that there was a need for this more dynamic type of karate to be taught, and he decided to leave Funakoshi to concentrate on developing his own style of karate: Wadō-ryū. In 1934, Wadō-ryū karate was officially recognized as an independent style of karate. This recognition meant a departure for Ohtsuka from his medical practice and the fulfilment of a life's ambition—to become a full-time martial artist.
Ohtsuka's personalized style of Karate was officially registered in 1938 after he was awarded the rank of
Renshi-go. He presented a demonstration of Wadō-ryū karate for the Japan Martial Arts Federation. They were so impressed with his style and commitment that they acknowledged him as a high-ranking instructor. The next year the Japan Martial Arts Federation asked all the different styles to register their names; Ohtsuka registered the name Wadō-ryū. In 1944, Ohtsuka was appointed Japan's Chief Karate Instructor.
A new form of karate called
Kyokushin was formally founded in 1957 by
Masutatsu Oyama (who was born a Korean, Choi Yeong-Eui 최영의). Kyokushin is largely a synthesis of Shotokan and Gōjū-ryū. It teaches a curriculum that emphasizes
aliveness, physical toughness, and
full contact sparring. Because of its emphasis on physical, full-force
sparring, Kyokushin is now often called "
full contact karate", or "
Knockdown karate" (after the name for its competition rules). Many other karate organizations and styles are descended from the Kyokushin curriculum.
The
World Karate Federation recognizes these styles of karate in its kata list
[19]
The World Union of Karate-do Federations (WUKF) recognizes these styles of karate in its kata list.
[20]
Many schools would be affiliated with, or heavily influenced by, one or more of these styles.
Practice
Karate can be practiced as an art (
budō), as a
sport, as a
combat sport, or as
self defense training. Traditional karate places emphasis on self development (budō).
[21] Modern Japanese style training emphasizes the psychological elements incorporated into a proper
kokoro (attitude) such as perseverance, fearlessness, virtue, and leadership skills. Sport karate places emphasis on exercise and competition. Weapons (
kobudō) is important training activity in some styles.
Karate training is commonly divided into
kihon (basics or fundamentals),
kata (forms), and
kumite (sparring).
Kihon
Karate styles place varying importance on kihon. Typically this is performance in unison of a technique or a combination of techniques by a group of karateka. Kihon may also be prearranged drills in smaller groups or in pairs.
Kata
Motobu Chōki in Naihanchi-dachi, one of the basic karate stances
Main article:
Karate kataKata (
型: かた) means literally "shape" or "model." Kata is a formalized sequence of movements which represent various offensive and defensive postures. These postures are based on idealized combat applications.
Some kata use low and wide stances. This practice develops leg strength, correct posture, and gracefulness. Vigorous arm movements enhance cardiovascular fitness and upper body strength. Kata vary in number of movements and difficulty. The longer kata require the karateka to learn many complex movements. Diligent training and correct mindfulness lead to real understanding of combat principles.
Physical routines were a logical way to preserve this type of knowledge. The various moves have multiple
interpretations and applications. Because the applicability for actual self-defense is so flexible there is no definitively correct way to interpret all kata. That is why only high ranking practitioners are qualified to judge adequate form for their own style. Some of the criteria for judging the quality of a performance are: Absence of missteps; correct beginning and especially ending; crispness and smoothness; correct speed and power; confidence; and knowledge of application. Kata with the same name are often performed differently in other styles of karate. Kata are taught with minor variations among schools of the same style. Even the same instructor will teach a particular kata slightly differently as the years pass.
To attain a formal rank the karateka must demonstrate competent performance of specific required kata for that level. The Japanese terminology for grades or ranks is commonly used. Requirements for examinations vary among schools.
Kumite
Sparring in Karate is called kumite (組手:くみて). It literally means "meeting of hands." Kumite is practiced both as a sport and as self-defense training. Levels of physical contact during sparring vary considerably.
Full contact karate has several variants.
Knockdown karate (such as
Kyokushin) uses full power techniques to bring an opponent to the ground. In
Kickboxing variants ( for example
K-1), the preferred win is by knockout. Sparring in armour (
bogu kumite) allows full power techniques with some safety. Sport kumite in many international competition under the
World Karate Federation is free or structured with
light contact or
semi contact and points are awarded by a referee.
In structured kumite (Yakusoku –
prearranged), two participants perform a choreographed series of techniques with one striking while the other blocks. The form ends with one devastating technique (Hito Tsuki).
In free sparring (Jiyu Kumite), the two participants have a free choice of scoring techniques. The allowed techniques and contact level are primarily determined by sport or style organization policy, but might be modified according to the age, rank and sex of the participants. Depending upon style,
take-downs,
sweeps and in some rare cases even time-limited
grappling on the ground are also allowed.
Free sparring is performed in a marked or closed area. The bout runs for a fixed time (2 to 3 minutes.) The time can run continuously (Iri Kume) or be stopped for referee judgment. In
light contact or
semi contact kumite, points are awarded based on the criteria: good form, sporting attitude, vigorous application, awareness/
zanshin, good timing and correct distance. In
full contact karate kumite, points are based on the results of the impact, rather than the formal appearance of the scoring technique.
Dojo Kun
In the
bushidō tradition
dojo kun is a set of guidelines for karateka to follow. These guidelines apply both in the
dojo (training hall) and in everyday life.
Conditioning
Okinawan karate uses supplementary training known as
hojo undo. This utilizes simple equipment made of wood and stone. The
makiwara is a striking post. The
nigiri game is a large jar used for developing grip strength. These supplementary exercises are designed to increase
strength,
stamina,
speed, and
muscle coordination.
[22] Sport Karate emphasises
aerobic exercise,
anaerobic exercise,
power,
agility,
flexibility, and
stress management.
[23] All practices vary depending upon the school and the teacher.
Sport
Gichin Funakoshi (船越 義珍) said, "There are no contests in karate."
[24] In pre–World War II Okinawa, kumite was not part of karate training.
[25] Shigeru Egami relates that, in 1940, some karateka were ousted from their dojo because they adopted sparring after having learned it in Tokyo.
[26]
Karate is divided into style organizations. These organizations sometimes cooperate in non-style specific sport karate organizations or federations. Examples of sport organizations are AAKF/ITKF, AOK, TKL, AKA, WKF, NWUKO, WUKF and WKC.
[27] Organizations hold competitions (tournaments) from local to international level. Tournaments are designed to match members of opposing schools or styles against one another in kata, sparring and weapons demonstration. They are often separated by age, rank and sex with potentially different rules or standards based on these factors. The tournament may be exclusively for members of a particular style (closed) or one in which any martial artist from any style may participate within the rules of the tournament (open).
The
World Karate Federation (WKF) is the largest sport karate organization and is recognized by the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) as being responsible for karate competition in the Olympic games. The WKF has developed common rules governing all styles. The national WKF organizations coordinate with their respective
National Olympic Committees.
Karate does not have 2012
Olympic status. In the 117th IOC Session (July 2005), karate received more than half of the votes, but not the two-thirds majority needed to become an official
Olympic sport.
WKF karate competition has two disciplines: sparring (
kumite) and forms (
kata) Competitors may enter either as individuals or as part of a team. Evaluation for kata and kobudō is performed by a panel of judges, whereas sparring is judged by a head referee, usually with assistant referees at the side of the sparring area. Sparring matches are typically divided by weight, age, gender, and experience.
WKF only allows membership through one national organization/federation per country to which clubs may join. The World Union of Karate-do Federations (WUKF)
[28] offers different styles and federations a world body they may join, without having to compromise their style or size. The WUKF accepts more than one federation or association per country.
Sport organizations use different competition rule systems.
Light contact rules are used by the WKF, WUKO, IASK and WKC.
Full contact karate rules used by
Kyokushinkai,
Seidokaikan and other organizations.
Bogu kumite (full contact with protective padding) rules are used in the All Japan Koshiki Karate-Do Federation organization.
[29] Shinkaratedo Federation use boxing gloves.
[30] Within the United States, rules may be under the jurisdiction of state sports authorities, such as the boxing commission.
Rank
In 1924 Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan Karate, adopted the
Dan system from
judo founder
Jigoro Kano[31] using a
rank scheme with a limited set of belt colors. Other Okinawan teachers also adopted this practice. In the
Kyū/
Dan system the beginner grades start with a higher numbered kyū (
e.g., 10th Kyū or Jukyū) and progress toward a lower numbered kyū. The Dan progression continues from 1st Dan (Shodan, or 'beginning dan') to the higher dan grades. Kyū-grade karateka are referred to as "color belt" or mudansha ("ones without dan/rank"). Dan-grade karateka are referred to as
yudansha (holders of dan/rank). Yudansha typically wear a
black belt. Requirements of rank differ among styles, organizations, and schools. Kyū ranks stress
stance,
balance, and
coordination.
Speed and
power are added at higher grades.
A young student graduates up a rank in belt in front of his
dojo.
Minimum age and time in rank are factors affecting promotion. Testing consists of demonstration of techniques before a panel of examiners. This will vary by school, but testing may include everything learned at that point, or just new information. The demonstration is an application for new rank (shinsa) and may include
kata,
bunkai, self-defense, routines,
tameshiwari (breaking), and/or
kumite (sparring).
Dishonest practice
Due to the popularity of
martial arts, both in mass media and reality, a large number of disreputable, fraudulent, or misguided teachers and schools have arisen, approximately over the last 40 years. Commonly referred to as a "McDojo"
[32] or a "
Black Belt Mill," these schools are commonly headed by martial artists of either dubious skill or business ethics.
Philosophy
Gichin Funakoshi interpreted the "kara" of Karate-dō to mean "to purge oneself of selfish and evil thoughts. For only with a clear mind and conscience can the practitioner understand the knowledge which he receives." Funakoshi believed that one should be "inwardly humble and outwardly gentle." Only by behaving humbly can one be open to Karate's many lessons. This is done by listening and being receptive to criticism. He considered courtesy of prime importance. He said that "Karate is properly applied only in those rare situations in which one really must either down another or be downed by him." Funakoshi did not consider it unusual for a devotee to use Karate in a real physical confrontation no more than perhaps once in a lifetime. He stated that Karate practitioners must "never be easily drawn into a fight." It is understood that one blow from a real expert could mean death. It is clear that those who misuse what they have learned bring dishonor upon themselves. He promoted the character trait of personal conviction. In "time of grave public crisis, one must have the courage...to face a million and one opponents." He taught that indecisiveness is a weakness.
[33]
Etymology
Karate was originally written as "Chinese hand" (唐手 literally "
Tang dynasty hand") in
kanji. It was later changed to a
homophone meaning
empty hand (空手). The original use of the word "karate" in print is attributed to
Ankō Itosu; he wrote it as "唐手". The Tang Dynasty of China ended in AD 907, but the kanji representing it remains in use in
Japanese language referring to
China generally, in such words as "唐人街" meaning
Chinatown. Thus the word "karate" was originally a way of expressing "martial art from China."
Since there are no written records it is not known definitely whether the kara in karate was originally written with the character 唐 meaning China or the character 空 meaning empty. During the time when admiration for China and things Chinese was at its height in the Ryūkyūs it was the custom to use the former character when referring to things of fine quality. Influenced by this practice, in recent times karate has begun to be written with the character 唐 to give it a sense of class or elegance.
The first documented use of a
homophone of the
logogram pronounced
kara by replacing the
Chinese character meaning "Tang Dynasty" with the character meaning "empty" took place in
Karate Kumite written in August 1905 by
Chōmo Hanashiro (1869–1945).
Sino-Japanese relations have never been very good, and especially at the time of the
Japanese invasion of Manchuria, referring to the Chinese origins of karate was considered
politically incorrect.
[35]
In 1933, the Okinawan art of karate was recognized as a Japanese martial art by the Japanese Martial Arts Committee known as the "Butoku Kai". Until 1935, "karate" was written as "唐手" (Chinese hand). But in 1935, the masters of the various styles of Okinawan karate conferred to decide a new name for their art. They decided to call their art "karate" written in Japanese characters as "空手" (empty hand).
[14]
Another nominal development is the addition of
dō (道:どう) to the end of the word karate.
Dō is a suffix having numerous meanings including road, path, route, and way. It is used in many martial arts that survived Japan's
transition from
feudal culture to
modern times. It implies that these arts are not just fighting systems but contain spiritual elements when promoted as disciplines. In this context
dō is usually translated as "the way of ___". Examples include
aikido,
judo,
kyudo, and
kendo. Thus karatedō is more than just empty hand techniques. It is "The Way Of The Empty Hand".
Karate and its influence outside Japan
Canada
Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese people immigrated to the country. Karate was practised quietly without a large amount of organization. During the Second World War, many Japanese-Canadian families were moved to the interior of British Columbia. Masaru Shintani, at the age of 13, began to study Shorin-Ryu karate in the Japanese camp under Kitigawa. In 1956 after 9 years of training with Kitigawa, Shintani travelled to Japan and met
Hironori Otsuka (
Wado Ryu). In 1958 Otsuka invited Shintani to join his organization Wado Kai, and in 1969 he asked Shintani to officially call his style Wado.
[36]
In Canada during this same time, karate was also introduced by
Masami Tsuruoka who had studied in Japan in the 1940s under
Tsuyoshi Chitose.
[37] In 1954 Tsuruoka initiated the first karate competition in Canada and laid the foundation for the
National Karate Association.
[37]
In the late 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Centre in Hamilton. In 1966 he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation. During the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Instructor of Wado Kai in North America. In 1979, Otsuka publicly promoted Shintani to hachidan (8th dan) and privately gave him a kudan certificate (9th dan), which was revealed by Shintani in 1995. Shintani and Otsuka visited each other in Japan and Canada several times, the last time in 1980 two years prior to Otsuka's death. Shintani died May 7, 2000.
[36]
Korea
Due to past conflict between Korea and Japan, most notably during the Japanese
occupation in the 20th century, the influence of karate in Korea is a contentious issue. From 1910 until 1939, many Koreans migrated to Japan
[38] and were exposed to Japanese martial arts. After regaining independence from Japan, many Korean martial arts schools were founded by masters with training in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean martial arts.
Won Kuk Lee, a Korean student of Funakoshi founded the first Korean Karate school in 1944-5 called
Chung Do Kwan. Similar "Kwan" schools cropped up in the late 1940s. These martial arts were initially called
Tang Soo Do and eventually renamed
Taekwondo by
Choi Hong Hi with a committee of Korean masters. Choi was a significant figure in
taekwondo history, who studied Korean Karate under these early masters and worked toward unifying a Korean national martial art. Karate also provided an important comparative model for the early founders of taekwondo in the formalization of their art including
kata and the
belt rank system. The early forms (Kata) followed the choreography of the Japanese Kata. Eventually original Korean forms (poomse, hyung) were developed by individual schools and associations. Although WTF (Olympic) and ITF forms are prevalent throughout the taekwondo world, there are still many "traditional" taekwondo and tang soo do schools where Japanese kihon and kata are regularly practiced as they were originally conveyed to Won Kuk Lee and his contemporaries from Master Funakoshi.
Soviet Union
Karate appeared in the
Soviet Union in the mid-1960s, during
Nikita Khrushchev's policy of improved international relations. The first Shotokan clubs were opened in Moscow's universities.
[39] In 1973, however, the government banned karate—together with all other foreign martial arts—endorsing only the Soviet martial art of
sambo. Failing to suppress these uncontrolled groups, the USSR's Sport Committee formed the Karate Federation of USSR in December 1978.
[39] On 17 May 1984, the Soviet Karate Federation was disbanded and all karate became illegal again. In 1989, karate practice became legal again, but under strict government regulations, only after the
dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 did independent karate schools resume functioning, and so federations were formed and national tournaments in authentic styles began.
[40]
United Kingdom
In the 1950s and 1960s, several Japanese karate masters began to teach the art in the
United Kingdom. In 1965,
Tatsuo Suzuki began teaching Wadō-ryū in London. In 1966, members of the former British Karate Federation established the
Karate Union of Great Britain (KUGB) under
Hirokazu Kanazawa as chief instructor
[41] and affiliated to
JKA.
Keinosuke Enoeda came to England at the same time as Kanazawa, teaching at a dojo in Liverpool. Kanazawa left the UK after 3 years and Enoeda took over. After Enoeda’s death in 2003, the KUGB elected Andy Sherry as Chief Instructor. Shortly after this, a new association split off from KUGB,
JKA England.
An earlier significant split from the KUGB took place in 1991 when a group led by KUGB senior instructor Steve Cattle formed the English Shotokan Academy (ESA). The aim of this group was to follow the teachings of
Taiji Kase, formerly the JKA chief instructor in Europe, who along with Hiroshi Shirai created the World Shotokan Karate-do Academy (WKSA), in 1989 in order to pursue the teaching of “Budo” karate as opposed to what he viewed as “sport karate”. Kase sought to return the practice of Shotokan Karate to its martial roots, reintroducing amongst other things open hand and throwing techniques that had been side lined as the result of competition rules introduced by the JKA. Both the ESA and the WKSA (re-named the Kase-Ha Shotokan-Ryu Karate-do Academy (KSKA) after Kase’s death in 2004) continue following this path today.
In 1975 Great Britain became the first team ever to take the World male team title from Japan after being defeated the previous year in the final.
United States
After World War II, members of the
US military learned karate in Okinawa or Japan and then opened schools in the USA. In 1945
Robert Trias opened the first dojo in the United States in Phoenix, Arizona, a Shuri-ryū karate dojo. In the 1950s, Edward Kaloudis, William Dometrich (
Chitō-ryū), Ed Parker (Kenpo), Cecil Patterson (Wadō-ryū), Gordon Doversola (Okinawa-te), Louis Kowlowski, Don Nagle (Isshin-ryū), George Mattson (Uechi-ryū), Paul Arel (Sankata, Kyokushin, and Kokondo) and Peter Urban (Gōjū-kai) all began instructing in the US.
Tsutomu Ohshima began studying karate while a student at Waseda University, beginning in 1948, and became captain of the university's karate club in 1952. He trained under Shotokan's founder, Gichin Funakoshi, until 1953. Funakoshi personally awarded Ohshima his sandan (3rd degree black belt) rank in 1952. In 1957 Ohshima received his godan (fifth degree black belt), the highest rank awarded by Funakoshi. This remains the highest rank in SKA. In 1952, Ohshima formalized the judging system used in modern karate tournaments. However, he cautions students that tournaments should not be viewed as an expression of true karate itself.
Ohshima left Japan in 1955 to continue his studies at UCLA. He led his first U.S. practice in 1956 and founded the first university karate club in the United States at Caltech in 1957. In 1959 he founded the Southern California Karate Association (SCKA), as additional Shotokan dojos opened. The organization was renamed Shotokan Karate of America in 1969.
In the 1960s, Jay Trombley (Gōjū-ryū), Anthony Mirakian (Gōjū-ryū), Steve Armstrong, Bruce Terrill, Richard Kim (Shorinji-ryū), Teruyuki Okazaki (Shotokan), John Pachivas,
Allen Steen, Sea Oh Choi (Hapkido), Gosei Yamaguchi (Gōjū-ryū),
Mike Foster (
Chito-ryu/
Yoshukai) and J. Pat Burleson all began teaching martial arts around the country.
[42]
In 1961
Hidetaka Nishiyama, a co-founder of the
JKA and student of
Gichin Funakoshi, began teaching in the
United States, founding afterwards the International Traditional Karate Federation (ITKF).
Takayuki Mikami were sent to New Orleans by the JKA in 1963.
In 1964, Takayuki Kubota, founder of
Gosoku-ryū, relocated the International Karate Association from Tokyo to California.
Seido Karate was founded by Tadashi Nakamura
In 1970 Paul Arel founded
Kokondo Karate which is a sister style of Jukido Jujitsu developed in 1959. Kokondo synthesized techniques and kata from Arel's previous experience in Isshin Ryu, Sankata & Kyokushin Karate.
France
France Shotokan Karate was created in 1964 by Tsutomu Ohshima. It is affiliated with another of his organizations, Shotokan Karate of America (SKA).
Film and popular culture in the West
Karate spread rapidly in the West through popular culture. In 1950s popular fiction, karate was at times described to readers in near-mythical terms, and it was credible to show Western experts of unarmed combat as unaware of Eastern
martial arts of this kind.
By the 1970s,
martial arts films had formed a mainstream genre that propelled karate and other Asian martial arts into mass popularity.
Many other film stars, such as
Bruce Lee,
Jackie Chan,
Phillip Rhee,
Don "The Dragon" Wilson, and
Richard Norton, come from a range of other martial arts.
Karate in mixed martial arts
Karate, although not widely used in
mixed martial arts, has proved to be effective in the sport.
Various styles of karate are practiced by some MMA fighters, notably
Chuck Liddell,
Lyoto Machida and
Georges St-Pierre. Liddell is known to have an extensive striking background in
Kenpō and
Koei-Kanwhere as
Lyoto Machida practices
Shotokan and St-Pierre
Kyokushin.
Read More......